【Day 07】- 第一只网路爬虫要用什麽函式库? (Requests)

前情提要

前一篇文章带大家看了chrome 开发工具的使用，并向下又说明了 Element 、Network 等使用，未来几天撰写爬虫时会经常使用开发工具来定位、分析请求。

开始之前

大家开启网页後，各位的浏览器(客户端 Client)便会向网页(伺服端 Server)进行 HTTP Request method，最常见为 GET、POST (HTTP request method)，之後网页(伺服端 Server)会回传一个 HTTP Response， 浏览器(客户端 Client)会将其渲染，变成可读性较高的内容。

今天要带各位写的爬虫便是代替人类进行上述操作。大家放心，Python 的 requests 库包装了各种用法，让大家能够非常方便的使用它。

Requests

Python 中的 Requests 库被誉为没有预设包含在 Python 内的最流行的 Python 库。Requests 是个 HTTP client 函式库，且使用十分便利、优雅。

由於我们的环境都是在 pipenv 下的，这边给出它在 pipenv 下的安装方法，注意要在想要的专案幕录下进行 pipenv 安装，记得加 s。

pipenv install requests

接下来将 pipenv --venv 回传的路径加到 Vscode settings "python.venvPath": "{这边放 pipenv --venv 所得的值(上面请大家记住的)}" 。之後不会特别提醒，若有还没看过环境设定的读者，可以回去看【Day 02】- 网路爬虫环境设定(Python、pipenv、Vscode)

HTTP 常用的 Request Method 是 GET 、 POST，下面针对两个介绍。

Requests GET

安装好 Requests 并确保进入虚拟环境後，我们先来做个简单的 GET 请求。

import requests
url = 'https://www.google.com' #先将欲发出 GET 请求的网址先存在 url
res = requests.get(url) #对 url 发出 GET 请求，并将 Response 包成回传物件存在 res
print(type(res), res) #Output: <class 'requests.models.Response'> <Response [200]>

读者应该有发现 res 是个 requests.models.Response 的物件，且直接印出会是 <Response [200]> 这边解释一下 200 是什麽，简单来说就是 HTTP 的状态码，下面解释一些常见状态码，想了解更多能到这 https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/HTTP状态码。

• 200 OK：一切正常。
• 301 Moved Permanently：永久搬家，会重新导向到新 url。
• 302 Found（Moved Temporarily）：暂时移到新位置。
• 400 Bad Request：明显的用户端错误，服务器无法处理这个 Request。
• 401 Unauthorized：未授权，请求需携带凭证。
• 403 Forbidden：没有权限。
• 404 Not Found：找不到资源。
• 418 I’m a teapot：我是一个茶壶，不会泡咖啡。(愚人节彩蛋)
• 500 Internal Server Error：服务器端错误。
• 502 Bad Gateway：通常是服务器的某个服务没有正确执行。
• 503 Service Unavailable：服务器临时维护或是快挂了，暂时无法处理请求(临时流量过大)。
• 504 Gateway Timeout：服务器上的服务没有回应。

GET 是十分直观的请求，不过有时候会携带参数。GET 请求携带参数会直接放在网址(url)，位於 ? 後，若有多个则以 & 分隔。

以 https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome为例，有两个参数以 &分隔，第一个参数，参数名称为 q ，参数值为 IThome ，第二个参数，参数名称为 oq ，参数值为 IThome 。

Requests 提供了两种 GET 参数传入的方法。

import requests
# 方法一
url1 = '[https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)' #直接将参数放到 url
res = requests.get(url1)
print(res.url, res) #Output: https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome <Response [200]>
# 方法二
url2 = '[https://www.google.com/search](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)'
params = {'q':'IThome','oq':'IThome'}
requests.get(url2, params=params) #Output: https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome <Response [200]>

Requests POST

POST 常使用的例子是在填表单的时候，读者们填好各种资料後按下送出按钮，有些网页的设计会送出一个 POST 请求，并夹带着各位填入的资料(与 GET 不同，参数会放在 message body 而不是显而易见的网址)。

▲ 登入 IThome 的过程中，用 chrome 开发工具分析登入的 POST 请求，发现其有夹带输入的帐号密码

Python Requests 中 POST 请求可以使用许多不同种类的参数夹带方法，像字典、元组、串列、JSON，这边较推荐使用 JSON 与 字典进行传入。

关於 JSON 它不是个 python 原生的资料型态，需要额外引入，之後会有一篇来单独介绍它，目前只要知道它是个好用的结构就好(类似 Python 中的字典(dict))。

import requests
import json #JSON 非 python 原生型态但为内建，因此直接引入即可

# 使用字典传入 POST 参数
data = {'account':'testOwO', 'password':'testOwO'}
url = 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/'
print(requests.post(url, data=data)) #Output: <Response [200]>

#使用 JSON 传入 POST 参数
data = json.dumps(data)
url = 'https://zh.wikipedia.org/'
print(requests.post(url, data=data)) #Output: <Response [200]>

回应物件使用方法

不管使用 Requests 中 GET 或者是 POST ，都会回传一个回应物件 requests.models.Response ，这个物件也有许多使用方法。

• res.status_code : 该 HTTP 状态码

• res.raw : 原始回应物件 urllib3.response.HTTPResponse 。 res.raw.read() 读取。

• res.content : 回应物件的位元组序列(bytes)型态。

• res.text : 回应物件的字串(str)型态。

• res.headers : 回应物件的 headers。

• res.json() : 回应物件的 JSON 格式，会将回应物件的字串用 JSON encode，不必引入 JSON。

• res.raise_for_status() : 若请求失败(Status Code 非 200)，则抛出错误。

• res.url : 请求的 url。

• res.cookies : 请求後的 cookies。

• res.encoding : 编码格式。

更多参数

Requests 库将许多 requests 请求的参数夹带用法包入了，像是 Requests Headers、Proxy IP 使用、凭证验证、Timeout、Cookies 传入...等等都可以直接当成参数传进像 requests.get [requests.post](http://requests.post) 等函数。

下面解释上述用法例子。

• Requests Headers

用 Requests 库传入 Requests Headers。

有些网页会挡 User-Agent，若没出现它允许的 User-Agent 就会拒绝存取，绕过方法十分简单，复制 手动存取成功的 User-Agent，之後加到爬虫的 Requests Headers 中即可。

import requests
url = 'https://snake-game-backend.herokuapp.com/Alldatas'
User_Agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/93.0.4577.82 Safari/537.36'
headers = {
	'User-Agent' : User_Agent
}
print(requests.get(url, headers=headers).status_code) #Output: 200

• Proxy IP 使用

Requests 库可传入 proxy IP 做网路代理服务，读者可以去网路上的免费 proxy list，像是 https://geonode.com/free-proxy-list

import requests
url = 'https://snake-game-backend.herokuapp.com/Alldatas'
proxies = {'http' : 'http://62.33.207.202:80','https' : 'https://101.255.120.222:8080'}
print(requests.get(url, proxies=proxies).status_code) #Output: 200

• 凭证验证

如欲爬取的网站凭证失效等因素导致 https 失效(not secure)，这时用 requests 会因为安全性无法爬取。Requests 可以将凭证验证关闭，让 Requests 成功爬取。

▲凭证失效时的确定页面

import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.google.com', verify = False)
print(r.status_code()) #Output: 200

• Timeout

Request 传出後，到有回传传入如果超过给定 timeout 时间，会抛出一个例外。

import requests
r = requests.get('https://www.google.com', timeout=0.00000001) #**requests.exceptions.ConnectTimeout...**

• Cookies 传入

有些网页用户 session 会放在 Cookies，因此只要取得 Cookies ，并跟着 Request 一起送出就可以有用户的 session 了。换句话说就是不需登入，可直接爬取登入後的资讯。

想要查看目前网页下的 Cookies 可以透过开发工具的 Memory 页签找到。这边有个更推荐的扩充套件可以查看/编辑，EditThisCookie。

▲用 EditThisCookie 查看/编辑 Cookies

import requests
url = 'https://www.google.com'
cookies = {
	'account' : 'testOwO',
	'password' : 'testOwO'
}
print(requests.get(url, cookies=cookies).status_code) #Output: 200

Your First Crawler

读者可以写下下面的程序，输出 google IThome 结果，但目前这种程度的爬虫还没进行任何的资料清理或锁定，可读性差(dom、HTML)

import requests
url1 = '[https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome](https://www.google.com/search?q=IThome&oq=IThome)'
res = requests.get(url1)
print(res.text)

'''
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window.screen&&window.screen.width<=c&&window.screen.height<=c&&document.getElementById("hdr").classList.add("sml");}).call(this);})();</script><div class="cOl4Id"><a href="/?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQOwgC"><span class="V6gwVd">G</span><span class="iWkuvd">o</span><span class="cDrQ7">o</span><span class="V6gwVd">g</span><span class="ntlR9">l</span><span class="iWkuvd tJ3Myc">e</span></a></div><div class="bz1lBb"><form class="Pg70bf" id="sf"><a class="l" href="/?output=search&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQPAgE"><span class="V6gwVd">G</span><span class="iWkuvd">o</span><span class="cDrQ7">o</span><span class="V6gwVd">g</span><span class="ntlR9">l</span><span class="iWkuvd tJ3Myc">e</span></a><input name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" type="hidden"><div class="H0PQec"><div class="sbc esbc"><input class="noHIxc" value="IThome" autocapitalize="none" autocomplete="off" name="q" spellcheck="false" type="text"><input name="oq" type="hidden"><input name="aqs" type="hidden"><div class="x">×</div><div class="sc"></div></div></div><button id="qdClwb" type="submit"></button></form></div><noscript><meta content="0;url=/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&gbv=1&sei=oRRIYff-M4-0mAWH4p7gCA" http-equiv="refresh"><style>table,div,span,p{display:none}</style><div style="display:block">如果系统没有在数秒钟後将您重新导向，请按一下<a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&gbv=1&sei=oRRIYff-M4-0mAWH4p7gCA">这里</a>。</div></noscript></header><div id="main"><div><div class="KP7LCb"> <div class="bRsWnc"> <div class="N6RWV"> <div class="Pg70bf Uv67qb"> <span class="OXXup">全部</span><a class="eZt8xd" href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnms&tbm=nws&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUICCgB">新闻</a><a class="eZt8xd" href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUICSgC">图片</a><a class="eZt8xd" href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnms&tbm=vid&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUICigD">影片</a>  <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=IThome&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUICygE">地图</a>  <a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnms&tbm=shop&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUIDCgF">购物</a>  <a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQ_AUIDSgG">书籍</a>  <div class="FElbsf"><a href="/advanced_search" style="white-space:nowrap" id="st-toggle" role="button">搜寻工具</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div><div class="Pg70bf wEsjbd ZINbbc xpd O9g5cc uUPGi" style="display:none" id="st-card"><style>.wEsjbd{background-color:#fff;height:44px;white-space:nowrap}.coPU8c{height:60px;overflow-scrolling:touch;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}.Xj2aue{height:44px;overflow:hidden}.RnNGze{margin:11px 16px}.wEsjbd div,.wEsjbd a,.wEsjbd li{outline-width:0;outline:none}</style><div class="Xj2aue"><div class="coPU8c"><div class="RnNGze"><style>.PA9J5{display:inline-block}.RXaOfd{display:inline-block;height:22px;position:relative;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-right:16px;padding-left:0;line-height:22px;cursor:pointer;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;color:#70757a}.sa1toc{display:none;position:absolute;background:#fff;border:1px solid #d6d6d6;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);margin:0;white-space:nowrap;z-index:103;line-height:17px;padding-top:5px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:0}.PA9J5:hover .sa1toc{display:block}.mGSy8d a:active,.RXaOfd:active{color:#4285f4}</style><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><style>.TWMOUc{display:inline-block;padding-right:14px;white-space:nowrap}.vQYuGf{font-weight:bold}.OmTIzf{border-color:#909090 transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:4px 4px 0 4px;width:0;height:0;margin-left:-10px;top:50%;margin-top:-2px;position:absolute}.RXaOfd:active .OmTIzf{border-color:#4285f4 transparent}</style><div class="TWMOUc">不限语言</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><style>.ozatM{font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase}.ozatM .yNFsl,.ozatM li{list-style-type:none;list-style-position:outside;list-style-image:none}.yNFsl.SkUj4c,.yNFsl a{color:rgba(0,0,0,0.54);text-decoration:none;padding:6px 44px 6px 14px;line-height:17px;display:block}.SkUj4c{background-image:url(//ssl.gstatic.com/ui/v1/menu/checkmark2.png);background-position:right center;background-repeat:no-repeat}.SkUj4c:active{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">不限语言</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=lr:lang_1zh-CN%7Clang_1zh-TW&lr=lang_zh-CN%7Clang_zh-TW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIDw">搜寻所有中文网页</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=lr:lang_1zh-TW&lr=lang_zh-TW&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEA">搜寻繁体中文网页</a></li></ul></div><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="TWMOUc">不限时间</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">不限时间</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:h&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEg"> 过去 1 小时</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:d&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIEw"> 过去 24 小时</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:w&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFA"> 过去 1 周</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:m&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFQ"> 过去 1 个月</a></li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=qdr:y&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIFg"> 过去 1 年</a></li></ul></div><div class="PA9J5"><div class="RXaOfd" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="TWMOUc">所有结果</div><span class="OmTIzf"></span></div><ul class="sa1toc ozatM"><li class="yNFsl SkUj4c">所有结果</li><li class="yNFsl"><a href="/search?q=IThome&ie=UTF-8&source=lnt&tbs=li:1&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi308rm4YzzAhUPGqYKHQexB4wQpwUIGA">一字不差</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><script nonce="2AVBOLh9+oVr1ju3HhSJZQ==">(function(){
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结语

今天介绍了 requests 这个好用的套件， 最後让大家写了一只爬虫，但目前还没进行清理或定位，读者可以使用 【Day 05】- Python 字串操作(正规表达式 regexes 、原生基本操作) 来对资料作处理，或者等待明天或後天的资料处理分享。

明日内容

明天会与各位介绍 requests-HTML ，它是今天的 Requests 库再进行进一步的封装的产物，多了资料清洗的功能，敬请期待。

补充资料

Requests 库官方文件 : https://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/

[Python爬虫教学]开发Python网页爬虫前需要知道的五个基本观念 : https://www.learncodewithmike.com/2020/10/python-web-scraping.html