【26】你都把 Batch Normalization 放在 ReLU 前面还是後面

Colab连结

Batch Normalization 到底要放在激励函数之前还是之後呢？这是之前我在自己练习规划架构时遇到的问题，我把这个问题拿去网路上查时，发现也有不少人在讨论它，这篇 reddit 的讨论 [D] Batch Normalization before or after ReLU? 我觉得蛮有意思的，放前面跟放後面都各自有论文推崇。

理论上 BN 是用来正规化输出的结果，如果今天放在 ReLU 之後，有些负的输出会变成0，那麽 BN 的正规化是不是就会有偏颇？所以我自己也是习惯把 BN 放在激励函数前，先将 CNN/Dense 的输出正规化之後再经过激励函数。

但是也有不少的实验结果得到把 BN 放在激励函数之前，让模型学到比激励函数之後有更好的准确度。因此，今天就决定来做这个小实验，比较两者的差异。

实验一：Layer -> BN -> Act

def bottleneck(net, filters, out_ch, strides, shortcut=True, zero_pad=False):

    padding = 'valid' if zero_pad else 'same'
    shortcut_net = net

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters * 6, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    if zero_pad:
        net = tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=((0, 1), (0, 1)))(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.DepthwiseConv2D(3, strides=strides, use_bias=False, padding=padding)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(out_ch, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    if shortcut:
        net = tf.keras.layers.Add()([net, shortcut_net])

    return net

def get_mobilenetV2_before_act(shape):
    input_node = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=shape)

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, 3, (2, 2), use_bias=False, padding='same')(input_node)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.DepthwiseConv2D(3, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    net = bottleneck(net, 16, 24, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_1
    net = bottleneck(net, 24, 24, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_2

    net = bottleneck(net, 24, 32, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_3
    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 32, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_4
    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 32, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_5

    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 64, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_6
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_7
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_8
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_9

    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=False)  # block_10
    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_11
    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_12

    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 160, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_13
    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 160, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_14
    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 160, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_15

    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 320, (1, 1), shortcut=False)  # block_16

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(1280, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)

    return input_node, net

input_node, net = get_mobilenetV2_before_act((224,224,3))
net = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(net)
net = tf.keras.layers.Dense(NUM_OF_CLASS)(net)

model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[input_node], outputs=[net])

model.compile(
    optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(LR),
    loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
    metrics=[tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy()],
)

history = model.fit(
    ds_train,
    epochs=EPOCHS,
    validation_data=ds_test,
    verbose=True)

输出：

Epoch 51/100
loss: 0.0194 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.9942 - val_loss: 0.8054 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.8281

实验二：Layer -> Act -> BN

def bottleneck(net, filters, out_ch, strides, shortcut=True, zero_pad=False):

    padding = 'valid' if zero_pad else 'same'
    shortcut_net = net

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(filters * 6, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    if zero_pad:
        net = tf.keras.layers.ZeroPadding2D(padding=((0, 1), (0, 1)))(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.DepthwiseConv2D(3, strides=strides, use_bias=False, padding=padding)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(out_ch, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    if shortcut:
        net = tf.keras.layers.Add()([net, shortcut_net])

    return net

def get_mobilenetV2_after_act(shape):
    input_node = tf.keras.layers.Input(shape=shape)

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(32, 3, (2, 2), use_bias=False, padding='same')(input_node)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    net = tf.keras.layers.DepthwiseConv2D(3, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(16, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    net = bottleneck(net, 16, 24, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_1
    net = bottleneck(net, 24, 24, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_2

    net = bottleneck(net, 24, 32, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_3
    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 32, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_4
    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 32, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_5

    net = bottleneck(net, 32, 64, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_6
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_7
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_8
    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 64, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_9

    net = bottleneck(net, 64, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=False)  # block_10
    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_11
    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 96, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_12

    net = bottleneck(net, 96, 160, (2, 2), shortcut=False, zero_pad=True)  # block_13
    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 160, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_14
    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 160, (1, 1), shortcut=True)  # block_15

    net = bottleneck(net, 160, 320, (1, 1), shortcut=False)  # block_16

    net = tf.keras.layers.Conv2D(1280, 1, use_bias=False, padding='same')(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.ReLU(max_value=6)(net)
    net = tf.keras.layers.BatchNormalization()(net)

    return input_node, net

input_node, net = get_mobilenetV2_after_act((224,224,3))
net = tf.keras.layers.GlobalAveragePooling2D()(net)
net = tf.keras.layers.Dense(NUM_OF_CLASS)(net)

model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=[input_node], outputs=[net])

model.compile(
    optimizer=tf.keras.optimizers.SGD(LR),
    loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
    metrics=[tf.keras.metrics.SparseCategoricalAccuracy()],
)

history = model.fit(
    ds_train,
    epochs=EPOCHS,
    validation_data=ds_test,
    verbose=True)

输出：

Epoch 67/100
loss: 0.0035 - sparse_categorical_accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 1.0461 - val_sparse_categorical_accuracy: 0.8203

实验结果显示，两者的最佳准确度差不多，看来尽管把 BN 放在激励函数之後，还是可以让模型收敛。我自己实务上仍是倾像於把 BN 放在激励函数之前（实验一），让 BN 去学习 CNN/Dense 的权重。